临床票据是记录患者信息的有效方法,但难以破译非专家的难以破译。自动简化医学文本可以使患者提供有关其健康的有价值的信息,同时节省临床医生。我们提出了一种基于词频率和语言建模的医学文本自动简化的新方法,基于富裕的外行术语的医疗本体。我们发布了一对公开可用的医疗句子的新数据集,并由临床医生简化了它们的版本。此外,我们定义了一种新颖的文本简化公制和评估框架,我们用于对我们对现有技术的方法进行大规模人类评估。我们基于在医学论坛数据上培训的语言模型的方法在保留语法和原始含义时产生更简单的句子,超越现有技术。
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become commonplace to solve routine everyday tasks. Because of the exponential growth in medical imaging data volume and complexity, the workload on radiologists is steadily increasing. We project that the gap between the number of imaging exams and the number of expert radiologist readers required to cover this increase will continue to expand, consequently introducing a demand for AI-based tools that improve the efficiency with which radiologists can comfortably interpret these exams. AI has been shown to improve efficiency in medical-image generation, processing, and interpretation, and a variety of such AI models have been developed across research labs worldwide. However, very few of these, if any, find their way into routine clinical use, a discrepancy that reflects the divide between AI research and successful AI translation. To address the barrier to clinical deployment, we have formed MONAI Consortium, an open-source community which is building standards for AI deployment in healthcare institutions, and developing tools and infrastructure to facilitate their implementation. This report represents several years of weekly discussions and hands-on problem solving experience by groups of industry experts and clinicians in the MONAI Consortium. We identify barriers between AI-model development in research labs and subsequent clinical deployment and propose solutions. Our report provides guidance on processes which take an imaging AI model from development to clinical implementation in a healthcare institution. We discuss various AI integration points in a clinical Radiology workflow. We also present a taxonomy of Radiology AI use-cases. Through this report, we intend to educate the stakeholders in healthcare and AI (AI researchers, radiologists, imaging informaticists, and regulators) about cross-disciplinary challenges and possible solutions.
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Pooling publicly-available MRI data from multiple sites allows to assemble extensive groups of subjects, increase statistical power, and promote data reuse with machine learning techniques. The harmonization of multicenter data is necessary to reduce the confounding effect associated with non-biological sources of variability in the data. However, when applied to the entire dataset before machine learning, the harmonization leads to data leakage, because information outside the training set may affect model building, and potentially falsely overestimate performance. We propose a 1) measurement of the efficacy of data harmonization; 2) harmonizer transformer, i.e., an implementation of the ComBat harmonization allowing its encapsulation among the preprocessing steps of a machine learning pipeline, avoiding data leakage. We tested these tools using brain T1-weighted MRI data from 1740 healthy subjects acquired at 36 sites. After harmonization, the site effect was removed or reduced, and we measured the data leakage effect in predicting individual age from MRI data, highlighting that introducing the harmonizer transformer into a machine learning pipeline allows for avoiding data leakage.
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语言变化的研究研究了语言在不同的说话者组之间和内部的变化,从而阐明了我们如何使用语言来构建身份以及社会环境如何影响语言的使用。一种常见的方法是在语料库中识别某些语言特征的实例 - 例如零copula构造,并分析该功能在扬声器,主题和其他变量之间的分布,以便对功能或系统地了解该功能测量变化。在本文中,我们探讨了低资源英语品种中自动形态句法特征检测的具有挑战性的任务。我们提出了一种通过语料库引导的编辑生成和过滤有效的对比度集的人类在环境中的方法。我们表明,我们的方法改善了印度英语和非裔美国人英语的功能检测,展示了它如何帮助语言研究,并发布了我们的微调模型,以供其他研究人员使用。
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语言语料库中的统计规律将众所周知的社会偏见编码为单词嵌入。在这里,我们专注于性别,以全面分析在互联网语料库中训练的广泛使用的静态英语单词嵌入式(Glove 2014,FastText 2017)。使用单类单词嵌入关联测试,我们证明了性别偏见的广泛流行,这些偏见也显示出:(1)与男性与女性相关的单词频率; (b)与性别相关的单词中的言论部分; (c)与性别相关的单词中的语义类别; (d)性别相关的单词中的价,唤醒和优势。首先,就单词频率而言:我们发现,在词汇量中,有1000个最常见的单词与男性相比,有77%的人与男性相关,这是在英语世界的日常语言中直接证明男性默认的证据。其次,转向言论的部分:顶级男性相关的单词通常是动词(例如,战斗,压倒性),而顶级女性相关的单词通常是形容词和副词(例如,奉献,情感上)。嵌入中的性别偏见也渗透到言论部分。第三,对于语义类别:自下而上,对与每个性别相关的前1000个单词的群集分析。与男性相关的顶级概念包括大技术,工程,宗教,体育和暴力的角色和领域;相比之下,顶级女性相关的概念较少关注角色,包括女性特定的诽谤和性内容以及外观和厨房用语。第四,使用〜20,000个单词词典的人类评级,唤醒和主导地位,我们发现与男性相关的单词在唤醒和优势上较高,而与女性相关的单词在价上更高。
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A critical problem in post hoc explainability is the lack of a common foundational goal among methods. For example, some methods are motivated by function approximation, some by game theoretic notions, and some by obtaining clean visualizations. This fragmentation of goals causes not only an inconsistent conceptual understanding of explanations but also the practical challenge of not knowing which method to use when. In this work, we begin to address these challenges by unifying eight popular post hoc explanation methods (LIME, C-LIME, SHAP, Occlusion, Vanilla Gradients, Gradients x Input, SmoothGrad, and Integrated Gradients). We show that these methods all perform local function approximation of the black-box model, differing only in the neighbourhood and loss function used to perform the approximation. This unification enables us to (1) state a no free lunch theorem for explanation methods which demonstrates that no single method can perform optimally across all neighbourhoods, and (2) provide a guiding principle to choose among methods based on faithfulness to the black-box model. We empirically validate these theoretical results using various real-world datasets, model classes, and prediction tasks. By bringing diverse explanation methods into a common framework, this work (1) advances the conceptual understanding of these methods, revealing their shared local function approximation objective, properties, and relation to one another, and (2) guides the use of these methods in practice, providing a principled approach to choose among methods and paving the way for the creation of new ones.
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可说明的人工智能(XAI)的目前的模型显示出在提出统计上纠缠特征时,可以显而易见和量化缺乏可靠性,当提出统计上纠缠的特征时,为训练深层分类器。深度学习在临床试验中的应用增加了预测神经发育障碍的早期诊断,如自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)。然而,包含更可靠的显着图,以获得使用神经活动特征的更可靠和可解释的度量,对于诊断或临床试验中的实际应用仍然不充分。此外,在ASD研究中,包含使用神经措施来预测观察面部情绪的深层分类器相对未探索。因此,在本研究中,我们提出了对脑电图(EEG)的卷积神经网络(CNN)的评估,用于基于新颖的删除(咆哮)方法,以恢复分类器中使用的高度相关特征。具体而言,我们比较众所周知的相关性图,例如层性相关性传播(LRP),图案网络,图案归因和平滑级平方。本研究是第一个在通常开发的和ASD个体中使用内部训练的CNN内训练的基于EEG的面部情感识别来实现更透明的特征相关计算。
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软机器人是一个新兴领域,对需要与环境或人类的安全性和强大的互动的任务产生了有希望的结果,例如抓握,操纵和人机互动。软机器依赖于本质上兼容的部件,并且难以配备传统的刚性传感器,这些传统传感器会干扰其合规性。我们提出了一种高度灵活的触觉传感器,在低成本且易于制造,同时独立于14个出租车测量接触压力。传感器由压阻织物构成,用于高度敏感,连续的响应,以及来自定制设计的柔性印刷电路板,提供高的Taxel密度。从这些TaxLes,可以推断出与传感器的接触位置和强度。在本文中,我们解释了所提出的传感器的设计和制造,表征其输入输出关系,在装备到软机器人RBO手2的硅树脂基气动执行器时,评估其对遵守的影响,并证明传感器提供基于学习的携手对象识别的丰富和有用的反馈。
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放射线学使用定量医学成像特征来预测临床结果。目前,在新的临床应用中,必须通过启发式试验和纠正过程手动完成各种可用选项的最佳放射组方法。在这项研究中,我们提出了一个框架,以自动优化每个应用程序的放射线工作流程的构建。为此,我们将放射线学作为模块化工作流程,并为每个组件包含大量的常见算法。为了优化每个应用程序的工作流程,我们使用随机搜索和结合使用自动化机器学习。我们在十二个不同的临床应用中评估我们的方法,从而在曲线下导致以下区域:1)脂肪肉瘤(0.83); 2)脱粘型纤维瘤病(0.82); 3)原发性肝肿瘤(0.80); 4)胃肠道肿瘤(0.77); 5)结直肠肝转移(0.61); 6)黑色素瘤转移(0.45); 7)肝细胞癌(0.75); 8)肠系膜纤维化(0.80); 9)前列腺癌(0.72); 10)神经胶质瘤(0.71); 11)阿尔茨海默氏病(0.87);和12)头颈癌(0.84)。我们表明,我们的框架具有比较人类专家的竞争性能,优于放射线基线,并且表现相似或优于贝叶斯优化和更高级的合奏方法。最后,我们的方法完全自动优化了放射线工作流的构建,从而简化了在新应用程序中对放射线生物标志物的搜索。为了促进可重复性和未来的研究,我们公开发布了六个数据集,框架的软件实施以及重现这项研究的代码。
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